Chủ Nhật, 23 tháng 9, 2018
Thứ Ba, 11 tháng 9, 2018
Best Trojan Condoms
When it comes to your health, you know cutting corners is not an option. Investing in your health know will save you time and heartache down the street. Making smart decisions about your health care will have a drastic impact on your future. There is so little we can do to control external circumstances in our lives, but we do have control over family planning and birth control options. When it comes to protections from sexually transmitted diseases and family planning, you know you need a condom brand that you can trust. When using an off-brand company, you do not know when it is going to break or if it has passed rigorous testing that prove it can take a beating. Nothing ruins sex faster than worrying about the quality of the condom, or worse, finding out how poorly made the condom was a second too late. Don't ruin your life over faulty, cheap condoms. Keep reading to learn about the best Trojan condoms available today.
Trojan products have been made in the United States for over 90 years because of their reliability, high-testing standards and a huge selection of sex-enhancing options. They are electronically tested every single condom in FDA-approved facilities to ensure they must meet U.S. standards for quality and strength. Trojan takes a lot of pride and puts a lot of effort into the efficacy of their condoms against many sexual concerns like childbirth and sexually transmitted illnesses. They even inspect their final products with lasers to ensure there are no holes in the surface areas of the plastic. It's not surprising Trojan has held such a high reputation for close to a century.
Trojan brand condoms have over 50 varieties of condoms and adult accessories like personal vibrators and caffeinated lubricants to add that extra edge some people might be looking for. This article is going to guide you through Trojan's best selling condoms for 2017. This data was taken from the brand's website and aims at providing you with the information you need to continue on your sexual health journey. It is important to remember that every relationship is different, and you may need to experiment with different condoms when you change to a different partner. Eventually, you will find 1 or 2 varieties that suit you and your partner the best. All condoms mentioned in this post are available for discrete purchase. Browse selection of Trojan's most popular condoms in the comfort of your own home. Trojan condoms are a great bang for your buck and with condomstrojanaz everyday low prices, you are sure to keep yourself and your wallet happy and healthy. Let's continue now to the list of best Trojan condoms.
Trojan Ultra Thin:
These condoms are one of Trojan's most popular selling item. They come with Armor Spermicidal Lubricant, which some people may or may not want depending on how sensitive they are to chemical and odors. The great thing bout spermicide it that it adds an extra layer of protection against pregnancy.
ENZ is Trojan's middle of the road condom option. It is made of premium latex and also comes with lubricant for to reduce breakage and chafing while increasing pleasure and sensation. This is the condom that made Trojan America' #1 most trusted condom brand. When you just want to start off with the basics, you can't go wrong with Trojan ENZ.
Trojan Ultra Ribbed:
These aren't just any old ribbed condoms. These ribs are deeply inlayed to maximum her pleasure. They are only available in latex and come with pre-applied lubricant for maximum comfort. The ridges will bump and ride against for vagina to create a more intense sensation for her. Many women can testify to the glorious effects that Trojan Ultra Ribbed condoms have on their climax.
Pleasure Pack Lubricated Condoms:
Having a hard time deciding which Trojan condom is the best? Many people find that Trojan's Pleasure Pack provide them with the opportunity to try a variety of options without breaking the bank. Each box comes with an assortment of today's most popular Trojan brand condoms. Expect to find leading favorites like Trojan Twisted, Trojan Her Pleasure Sensations, Trojan Intense and Warming.
What are you waiting for? Jump in and get started on your sexual health journey with the most highly rated Trojan condoms. After 90 years of business, Trojan has proven to be trustworthy, reliable and effective. With Condomania, now you can buy the top-selling Trojan brand condoms from the privacy of your own home. Read reviews and leave comments about your favorite Trojan condoms. Condomania allows you to buy your favorite name-brand condoms at competitive prices. Stop relying on mystery brand condoms, and start taking advantage of Condomania's high-quality, low-cost adult products. Also with discrete packaging we also offer free shipping on certain orders.
Chủ Nhật, 9 tháng 9, 2018
Safe sex
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Safe sex is sexual activity engaged in by people who have taken precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV. It is also referred to as safer sex or protected sex, while unsafe or unprotected sex is sexual activity engaged in without precautions, especially forgoing condom use.
Genital herpes
| Genital herpes | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Anogenital herpesviral infection, herpes genitalis |
 | |
| Genital herpes in a female | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | None, small blisters that break open to form painful ulcers, flu-like symptoms |
| Complications | Aseptic meningitis, increased risk of HIV/AIDS, neonatal herpes |
| Usual onset | 2-12 days after exposure |
| Duration | Up to 4 weeks (first outbreak) |
| Causes | Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1, HSV-2) |
| Diagnostic method | Testing lesions, blood tests |
| Differential diagnosis | Syphilis, chancroid, molluscum contagiosum, hidradenitis suppurativa |
| Prevention | Not having sex, using condoms, only having sex with someone who is not infected |
| Treatment | Antiviral medication |
| Frequency | 846 million (2015) |
Genital herpes is an infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) of the genitals. Most people either have no or mild symptoms and thus do not know they are infected. When symptoms do occur, they typically include small blisters that break open to form painful ulcers. Flu-like symptoms may also occur. Onset is typically around 4 days after exposure with symptoms lasting up to 4 weeks. Once infected further outbreaks may occur but are generally milder.
Human papillomavirus infection
| Human papillomavirus infection | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Human papillomavirus |
 | |
| Papillomavirus large T antigen helicase domain | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease, gynecology |
| Symptoms | None, warts |
| Complications | Cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth or throat |
| Causes | Human papillomavirus spread by direct contact |
| Prevention | HPV vaccines, condoms |
| Frequency | Most people are infected at some point in time |
Human papillomavirus infection is an infection by human papillomavirus (HPV). Most HPV infections cause no symptoms and resolve spontaneously. In some people, an HPV infection persists and results in warts or precancerous lesions. The precancerous lesions increase the risk of cancer of the cervix, vulva, vagina, penis, anus, mouth, or throat. Nearly all cervical cancer is due to HPV with two types, HPV16 and HPV18, accounting for 70% of cases. Between 60% and 90% of the other cancers mentioned above are also linked to HPV. HPV6 and HPV11 are common causes of genital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.
Hepatitis B
| Hepatitis B | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Electron micrograph of hepatitis B virus | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease, gastroenterology |
| Symptoms | None, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine, abdominal pain |
| Complications | Cirrhosis, liver cancer |
| Usual onset | Symptoms may take up to 6 months to appear |
| Duration | Short or long term |
| Causes | Hepatitis B virus spread by some body fluids |
| Risk factors | Intravenous drug use, sexual intercourse, dialysis, living with an infected person |
| Diagnostic method | Blood tests |
| Prevention | Hepatitis B vaccine |
| Treatment | Antiviral medication (tenofovir, interferon), liver transplantation |
| Frequency | 356 million (2015) |
| Deaths | 65,400 direct (2015), >750,000 (total) |
Hepatitis B is an infectious disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that affects the liver. It can cause both acute and chronic infections. Many people have no symptoms during the initial infection. Some develop a rapid onset of sickness with vomiting, yellowish skin, tiredness, dark urine and abdominal pain. Often these symptoms last a few weeks and rarely does the initial infection result in death. It may take 30 to 180 days for symptoms to begin. In those who get infected around the time of birth 90% develop chronic hepatitis B while less than 10% of those infected after the age of five do. Most of those with chronic disease have no symptoms; however, cirrhosis and liver cancer may eventually develop. These complications result in the death of 15 to 25% of those with chronic disease.
Trichomoniasis
| Trichomoniasis | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | |
 | |
| Micrograph showing a positive result for trichomoniasis. A trichomonas organism is seen on the top-right of the image. | |
| Specialty | Gynecology |
| Symptoms | Itching in the genital area, bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, pain with sex |
| Usual onset | 5 to 28 days after exposure |
| Causes | Trichomonas vaginalis (typically sexually transmitted) |
| Diagnostic method | Finding the parasite in vaginal fluid, microbial culture, testing for the parasites DNA |
| Prevention | Not having sex, using condoms, not douching |
| Medication | Antibiotics (metronidazole or tinidazole) |
| Frequency | 122 million (2015) |
Trichomoniasis (trich) is an infectious disease caused by the parasite Trichomonas vaginalis. About 70% of women and men do not have symptoms when infected. When symptoms do occur they typically begin 5 to 28 days after exposure. Symptoms can include itching in the genital area, a bad smelling thin vaginal discharge, burning with urination, and pain with sex. Having trichomoniasis increases the risk of getting HIV/AIDS. It may also cause complications during pregnancy.
Trichomoniasis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) which is most often spread through vaginal, oral, or anal sex. It can also spread through genital touching. People who are infected may spread the disease even when symptoms are not present. Diagnosis is by finding the parasite in the vaginal fluid using a microscope, culturing the vagina or urine, or testing for the parasite's DNA. If present other sexually transmitted infections should be tested for.
Methods of prevention include not having sex, using condoms, not douching, and being tested for STIs before having sex with a new partner. Trichomoniasis can be cured with antibiotics, either metronidazole or tinidazole. Sexual partners should also be treated. About 20% of people get infected again within three months of treatment.
There were about 122 million new cases of trichomoniasis in 2015. In the United States there are about 2 million women affected. It occurs more often in women than men. Trichomonas vaginalis was first identified in 1836 by Alfred Donné. It was first recognized as causing this disease in 1916.
Signs and symptoms
Most people infected with trichomonas vaginalis do not have any symptoms and can be undetected for years. Symptoms experienced include pain, burning or itching in the penis, urethra (urethritis), or vagina (vaginitis). Discomfort for both sexes may increase during intercourse and urination. For women there may also be a yellow-green, itchy, frothy, foul-smelling ("fishy" smell) vaginal discharge. In rare cases, lower abdominal pain can occur. Symptoms usually appear within 5 to 28 days of exposure.
Causes
The human genital tract is the only reservoir for this species. Trichomonas is transmitted through sexual or genital contact.
The single-celled protozoan produces mechanical stress on host cells and then ingests cell fragments after cell death.
Genetic sequence
A draft sequence of the Trichomonas genome was published on January 12, 2007 in the journal Science confirming that the genome has at least 26,000 genes, a similar number to the human genome. An additional ~35,000 unconfirmed genes, including thousands that are part of potentially transposable elements, brings the gene content to well over 60,000.
Diagnosis
There are three main ways to test for Trichomoniasis.
- The first is known as saline microscopy. This is the most commonly used method and requires an endocervical, vaginal, or penile swab specimen for examination under a microscope. The presence of one or multiple trichomonads constitutes a positive result. This method is cheap but has a low sensitivity (60-70%) often due to an inadequate sample, resulting in false negatives.
- The second diagnostic method is culture, which has historically been the "gold standard" in infectious disease diagnosis. Trichomonas Vaginalis culture tests are relatively cheap; however, sensitivity is still somewhat low (70-89%).
- The third method includes the nucleic acid amplification tests (NAATs) which are more sensitive. These tests are more costly than microscopy and culture, and are highly sensitive (80-90%).
Prevention
Use of male condoms or female condoms may help prevent the spread of trichomoniasis, although careful studies have never been done that focus on how to prevent this infection. Infection with Trichomoniasis through water is unlikely because Trichomonas vaginalis dies in water after 45–60 minutes, in thermal water after 30 minutes to 3 hours and in diluted urine after 5–6 hours.
Currently there are no routine standard screening requirements for the general U.S. population receiving family planning or STI testing. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends Trichomoniasis testing for females with vaginal discharge and can be considered for females at higher risk for infection or of HIV-positive serostatus.
The advent of new, highly specific and sensitive trichomoniasis tests present opportunities for new screening protocols for both men and women. Careful planning, discussion, and research are required to determine the cost-efficiency and most beneficial use of these new tests for the diagnosis and treatment of trichomoniasis in the U.S., which can lead to better prevention efforts.
A number of strategies have been found to improve follow-up for STI testing including email and text messaging as reminders of appointments.
Screening
Evidence from a randomized controlled trials for screening pregnant women who do not have symptoms for infection with trichomoniasis and treating women who test positive for the infection have not consistently shown a reduced risk of preterm birth. Further studies are needed to verify this result and determine the best method of screening. In the US, screening of pregnant women without any symptoms is only recommended in those with HIV as trichomonas infection is associated with increased risk of transmitting HIV to the fetus.
Treatment
Treatment for both pregnant and non-pregnant women is usually with metronidazole, by mouth once. Caution should be used in pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. Sexual partners, even if they have no symptoms, should also be treated.
For 95-97% of cases, infection is resolved after one dose of metronidazole. Studies suggest that 4-5% of trichomonas cases are resistant to metronidazole, which may account for some “repeat” cases. Without treatment, trichomoniasis can persist for months to years in women, and is thought to improve without treatment in men. Women living with HIV infection have better cure rates if treated for 7 days rather than with one dose.
Topical treatments are less effective than oral antibiotics due to Skene's gland and other genitourinary structures acting as a reservoir.
Complications
Research has shown a link between trichomoniasis and two serious sequelae. Data suggest that:
- Trichomoniasis is associated with increased risk of transmission and infection of HIV.
- Trichomoniasis may cause a woman to deliver a low-birth-weight or premature infant.
- The role of trichomonas infection in causing cervical cancer is unclear, although trichomonas infection may be associated with co-infection with high-risk strains of HPV.
- T. vaginalis infection in males has been found to cause asymptomatic urethritis and prostatitis. In the prostate, it may create chronic inflammation that may eventually lead to prostate cancer.
Epidemiology
There were about 58 million cases of trichomoniasis in 2013. It is more common in women (2.7%) than males (1.4%). It is the most common non-viral STI in the U.S., with an estimated 3.7 million prevalent cases and 1.1 million new cases per year. It is estimated that 3% of the general U.S. population is infected, and 7.5-32% of moderate-to-high risk (including incarcerated) populations.
Sexually transmitted infection
| Sexually transmitted infection | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Sexually transmitted diseases (STD), venereal diseases (VD) |
 | |
| "Syphilis is a dangerous disease, but it can be cured." Poster encouraging treatment. Published between 1936 and 1938. | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | None, vaginal discharge, penile discharge, ulcers on or around the genitals, pelvic pain |
| Complications | Infertility |
| Causes | Infections commonly spread by sex |
| Prevention | Not having sex, vaccinations, condoms |
| Frequency | 1.1 billion (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015) |
| Deaths | 108,000 (STIs other than HIV/AIDS, 2015) |
Sexually transmitted infections (STI), also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STD) or venereal diseases(VD), are infections that are commonly spread by sexual activity, especially vaginal intercourse, anal sex and oral sex.
Gonorrhea
| Gonorrhea | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Gonococcal infection, gonococcal urethritis, gonorrhoea, the clap |
 | |
| Gonococcal lesion on the skin | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease |
| Symptoms | None, burning with urination, vaginal discharge, discharge from the penis, pelvic pain, testicular pain |
| Complications | Pelvic inflammatory disease, inflammation of the epididymis, septic arthritis, endocarditis |
| Causes | Neisseria gonorrhoeae typically sexually transmitted |
| Diagnostic method | Testing the urine, urethra in males, or cervix in females |
| Prevention | Condoms, having sex with only one person who is uninfected, not having sex |
| Treatment | Ceftriaxone by injection and azithromycin by mouth |
| Frequency | 0.8% (women), 0.6% (men) |
Gonorrhea, also spelled gonorrhoea, is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by the bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Many people have no symptoms. Men may have burning with urination, discharge from the penis, or testicular pain. Women may have burning with urination, vaginal discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods, or pelvic pain. Complications in women include pelvic inflammatory disease and in men include inflammation of the epididymis. If untreated, gonorrhea can spread to joints or heart valves.
Thứ Sáu, 7 tháng 9, 2018
Chlamydia infection
| Chlamydia infection | |
|---|---|
| Synonyms | Chlamydia |
 | |
| Pap smear showing C. trachomatis (H&E stain) | |
| Specialty | Infectious disease, gynecology, urology |
| Symptoms | None, vaginal discharge, discharge from the penis, burning with urination |
| Complications | Pain in the testicles, pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy |
| Usual onset | Few weeks following exposure |
| Causes | Chlamydia trachomatis spread by sexual intercourse or childbirth |
| Diagnostic method | Urine or swab of the cervix, vagina, or urethra |
| Prevention | Not having sex, condoms, sex with only one non–infected person |
| Treatment | Antibiotics (azithromycin or doxycycline) |
| Frequency | 4.2% (women), 2.7% (men) |
| Deaths | ~200 (2015) |
Chlamydia infection, often simply known as chlamydia, is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis. Most people who are infected have no symptoms. When symptoms do develop this can take a few weeks following infection to occur. Symptoms in women may include vaginal discharge or burning with urination. Symptoms in men may include discharge from the penis, burning with urination, or pain and swelling of one or both testicles. The infection can spread to the upper genital tract in women causing pelvic inflammatory disease which may result in future infertility or ectopic pregnancy. Repeated infections of the eyes that go without treatment can result in trachoma, a common cause of blindness in the developing world.
Chlamydia can be spread during vaginal, anal, or oral sex, and can be passed from an infected mother to her baby during childbirth. The eye infections may also be spread by personal contact, flies, and contaminated towels in areas with poor sanitation. Chlamydia trachomatis only occurs in humans. Diagnosis is often by screening which is recommended yearly in sexually active women under the age of twenty five, others at higher risk, and at the first prenatal visit. Testing can be done on the urine or a swab of the cervix, vagina, or urethra. Rectal or mouth swabs are required to diagnose infections in those areas.
Prevention is by not having sex, the use of condoms, or having sex with only one other person, who is not infected. Chlamydia can be cured by antibiotics with typically either azithromycin or doxycycline being used. Erythromycin or azithromycin is recommended in babies and during pregnancy. Sexual partners should also be treated and the infected people advised not to have sex for seven days and until symptom free. Gonorrhea, syphilis, and HIV should be tested for in those who have been infected. Following treatment people should be tested again after three months.
Chlamydia is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections, affecting about 4.2% of women and 2.7% of men worldwide. In 2015 about 61 million new cases occurred globally. In the United States about 1.4 million cases were reported in 2014. Infections are most common among those between the ages of 15 and 25 and are more common in women than men. In 2015 infections resulted in about 200 deaths. The word "chlamydia" is from the Greek, χλαμύδα meaning "cloak".
Signs and symptoms
Genital disease
Women
Chlamydial infection of the cervix (neck of the womb) is a sexually transmitted infection which has no symptoms for 50–70% of women infected. The infection can be passed through vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Of those who have an asymptomatic infection that is not detected by their doctor, approximately half will develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), a generic term for infection of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and/or ovaries. PID can cause scarring inside the reproductive organs, which can later cause serious complications, including chronic pelvic pain, difficulty becoming pregnant, ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, and other dangerous complications of pregnancy.
Chlamydia is known as the "silent epidemic", as in women it may not cause any symptoms in 70–80% of cases, and can linger for months or years before being discovered. Signs and symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, abdominal pain, painful sexual intercourse, fever, painful urination or the urge to urinate more often than usual (urinary urgency).
For sexually active women who are not pregnant, screening is recommended in those under 25 and others at risk of infection. Risk factors include a history of chlamydial or other sexually transmitted infection, new or multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use. Guidelines recommend all women attending for emergency contraceptive are offered Chlamydia testing, with studies showing up to 9% of women aged <25 chlamydia.="" had="" span="" years="">
Men
In men, those with a chlamydial infection show symptoms of infectious inflammation of the urethra in about 50% of cases. Symptoms that may occur include: a painful or burning sensation when urinating, an unusual discharge from the penis, testicular pain or swelling, or fever. If left untreated, chlamydia in men can spread to the testicles causing epididymitis, which in rare cases can lead to sterility if not treated. Chlamydia is also a potential cause of prostatic inflammation in men, although the exact relevance in prostatitis is difficult to ascertain due to possible contamination from urethritis.
Eye disease
Chlamydia conjunctivitis or trachoma was once the most important cause of blindness worldwide, but its role diminished from 15% of blindness cases by trachoma in 1995 to 3.6% in 2002. The infection can be spread from eye to eye by fingers, shared towels or cloths, coughing and sneezing and eye-seeking flies. Newborns can also develop chlamydia eye infection through childbirth (see below). Using the SAFE strategy (acronym for surgery for in-growing or in-turned lashes, antibiotics, facial cleanliness, and environmental improvements), the World Health Organization aims for the global elimination of trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020 initiative).
Joints
Chlamydia may also cause reactive arthritis—the triad of arthritis, conjunctivitis and urethral inflammation—especially in young men. About 15,000 men develop reactive arthritis due to chlamydia infection each year in the U.S., and about 5,000 are permanently affected by it. It can occur in both sexes, though is more common in men.
Infants
As many as half of all infants born to mothers with chlamydia will be born with the disease. Chlamydia can affect infants by causing spontaneous abortion; premature birth; conjunctivitis, which may lead to blindness; and pneumonia. Conjunctivitis due to chlamydia typically occurs one week after birth (compared with chemical causes (within hours) or gonorrhea (2–5 days)).
Other conditions
A different serovar of Chlamydia trachomatis is also the cause of lymphogranuloma venereum, an infection of the lymph nodes and lymphatics. It usually presents with genital ulceration and swollen lymph nodes in the groin, but it may also manifest as rectal inflammation, fever or swollen lymph nodes in other regions of the body.
Transmission
Chlamydia can be transmitted during vaginal, anal, or oral sex or direct contact with infected tissue such as conjunctiva. Chlamydia can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during vaginal childbirth.
Pathophysiology
Chlamydiae have the ability to establish long-term associations with host cells. When an infected host cell is starved for various nutrients such as amino acids (for example, tryptophan), iron, or vitamins, this has a negative consequence for Chlamydiae since the organism is dependent on the host cell for these nutrients. Long-term cohort studies indicate that approximately 50% of those infected clear within a year, 80% within two years, and 90% within three years.
The starved chlamydiae enter a persistent growth state wherein they stop cell division and become morphologically aberrant by increasing in size. Persistent organisms remain viable as they are capable of returning to a normal growth state once conditions in the host cell improve.
There is much debate as to whether persistence has in vivo relevance. Many believe that persistent chlamydiae are the cause of chronic chlamydial diseases. Some antibiotics such as β-lactams can also induce a persistent-like growth state, which can contribute to the chronicity of chlamydial diseases.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of genital chlamydial infections evolved rapidly from the 1990s through 2006. Nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), transcription mediated amplification (TMA), and the DNA strand displacement amplification (SDA) now are the mainstays. NAAT for chlamydia may be performed on swab specimens sampled from the cervix (women) or urethra (men), on self-collected vaginal swabs, or on voided urine. NAAT has been estimated to have a sensitivity of approximately 90% and a specificity of approximately 99%, regardless of sampling from a cervical swab or by urine specimen. In women seeking an STI clinic and a urine test is negative, a subsequent cervical swab has been estimated to be positive in approximately 2% of the time.
At present, the NAATs have regulatory approval only for testing urogenital specimens, although rapidly evolving research indicates that they may give reliable results on rectal specimens.
Because of improved test accuracy, ease of specimen management, convenience in specimen management, and ease of screening sexually active men and women, the NAATs have largely replaced culture, the historic gold standard for chlamydia diagnosis, and the non-amplified probe tests. The latter test is relatively insensitive, successfully detecting only 60–80% of infections in asymptomatic women, and often giving falsely positive results. Culture remains useful in selected circumstances and is currently the only assay approved for testing non-genital specimens. Other method also exist including: ligase chain reaction (LCR), direct fluorescent antibody resting, enzyme immunoassay, and cell culture.
Prevention
Prevention is by not having sex, the use of condoms, or having sex with only one other person, who is not infected.
Screening
For sexually active women who are not pregnant, screening is recommended in those under 25 and others at risk of infection. Risk factors include a history of chlamydial or other sexually transmitted infection, new or multiple sexual partners, and inconsistent condom use. For pregnant women, guidelines vary: screening women with age or other risk factors is recommended by the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) (which recommends screening women under 25) and the American Academy of Family Physicians (which recommends screening women aged 25 or younger). The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends screening all at risk, while the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend universal screening of pregnant women. The USPSTF acknowledges that in some communities there may be other risk factors for infection, such as ethnicity. Evidence-based recommendations for screening initiation, intervals and termination are currently not possible. For men, the USPSTF concludes evidence is currently insufficient to determine if regular screening of men for chlamydia is beneficial. They recommend regular screening of men who are at increased risk for HIV or syphilis infection.
In the United Kingdom the National Health Service (NHS) aims to:
- Prevent and control chlamydia infection through early detection and treatment of asymptomatic infection;
- Reduce onward transmission to sexual partners;
- Prevent the consequences of untreated infection;
- Test at least 25 percent of the sexually active under 25 population annually.
- Retest after treatment.
Treatment
C. trachomatis infection can be effectively cured with antibiotics. Guidelines recommend azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, levofloxacin or ofloxacin. Agents recommended during pregnancy include erythromycin or amoxicillin.
An option for treating sexual partners of those with chlamydia or gonorrhea include patient-delivered partner therapy (PDT or PDPT), which is the practice of treating the sex partners of index cases by providing prescriptions or medications to the patient to take to his/her partner without the health care provider first examining the partner.
Following treatment people should be tested again after three months to check for reinfection.[2]
Epidemiology
Globally, as of 2015, sexually transmitted chlamydia affects approximately 61 million people. It is more common in women (3.8%) than men (2.5%). In 2015 it resulted in about 200 deaths.
In the United States about 1.6 million cases were reported in 2016. The CDC estimates that if one includes unreported cases there are about 2.9 million each year. It affects around 2% of young people. Chlamydial infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection in the UK.
Chlamydia causes more than 250,000 cases of epididymitis in the U.S. each year. Chlamydia causes 250,000 to 500,000 cases of PID every year in the United States. Women infected with chlamydia are up to five times more likely to become infected with HIV, if exposed.
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